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- <text id=90TT2741>
- <link 90TT0324>
- <title>
- Oct. 15, 1990: Interview:James Grant
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Oct. 15, 1990 High Anxiety
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- INTERVIEW, Page 16
- Beware the Day Of the Bear
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>James Grant, editor of Wall Street's influential Grant's
- Interest Rate Observer, predicted the credit crunch, yet won't
- say "I told you so"
- </p>
- <p>By Richard Hornik and James Grant
- </p>
- <p> Q. Have the crisis in the Middle East and the resulting oil
- shock finally launched the bear market you forecast in
- September 1984?
- </p>
- <p> A. The Middle East, I think, has remarkably little to do
- with the slump in world equity markets, which was under way
- long before Iraq barged into Kuwait. For the most significant
- international financial event of the year, I nominate the
- collapse of the Japanese stock market.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Now that the economy has begun to slide, meaning that
- you're finally right, don't you feel like gloating?
- </p>
- <p> A. If you have kids, how glad can you be that the economy
- is not supporting the parents of their friends, or indeed of
- oneself? What gives me satisfaction is to see financial events
- move in a logic that I understand and advocate. I am frustrated
- not so much by being wrong as by seeing the Bakers and the
- Bradys and the Greenspans try to manipulate and buy orthodoxy
- on the cheap. So they are going to do something clever with the
- G-7, or they are going to pass a constitutional amendment to
- balance the budget. When I get the numbers wrong on a stock or
- on a credit situation, that is one thing, but to see the
- authorities with a wink and a nudge just sparring for more time,
- that's another.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Were you ever worried that the financial excesses of the
- 1980s might go on forever?
- </p>
- <p> A. Yes and no. My publication, Grant's Interest Rate
- Observer, is about interest rates and especially about credit.
- On that score my views have basically worked. The junk-bond
- market did come apart starting in 1989. And there is a credit
- contraction. Bank stocks have been good to sell short. And real
- estate, which is another big editorial topic, has been going
- down, taking with it such people as Donald Trump.
- </p>
- <p> What has not come to pass and does give me a lot of worry
- is that these problems seem to have had so little impact on
- financial markets generally. So there is both gratification in
- the run of the news and frustration at a seeming lack of
- overall significance.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Do you ever gloat?
- </p>
- <p> A. I would have to say that I do in the case of Donald
- Trump. Just to have him shut up is such a wonderful gift, if
- only temporarily, a great improvement in the quality of life.
- And so debt isn't all bad.
- </p>
- <p> Q. When did Donald Trump first come on your screen?
- </p>
- <p> A. In December 1987 we wrote a long piece about Trump, and
- I had long thought he was emblematic of the times. For that
- reason he was interesting to watch. Instead of declaiming on
- the universe, we try to pick out people or companies that more
- or less represent trends. I thought that Trump was a fine
- exemplar of financial leverage and gall, both of which were in
- oversupply and now are becoming scarcer.
- </p>
- <p> Q. What role has real estate investment played in the
- financial turmoil of the 1980s?
- </p>
- <p> A. Real estate is one of the most revealing features of the
- credit travails. It was the original taboo. Citibank existed
- from 1812 to 1960 without making real estate loans. There was
- this cultural resistance as well as regulatory and legal
- resistance to making real estate loans because when the
- depositors wanted their money it was not the time to rely on
- a piece of land.
- </p>
- <p> Then lo and behold, we had inflation; we had deregulation
- of interest rates. And we had banks that were losing their best
- corporate customers to the commercial paper market. We had
- banks that needed fee income and needed to do something clever
- lest they go out of business the slow way, which is by starving
- to death. And so real estate lending became the favored
- commercial-bank asset. And as with any asset favored by
- bankers, it suffered a depreciation because they lent so much
- that they helped create a glut.
- </p>
- <p> Q. How responsible is the Reagan Administration for the
- savings and loan disaster and the banking industry's problems?
- </p>
- <p> A. Certainly there was a great failing of the Washington
- apparatus in the 1980s. But I think, paradoxically, a lot of
- what happened in the '80s can be blamed on the politicians of
- the 1930s. When deposit insurance was written into law in '33,
- it was almost a free ticket. The banking system had been purged
- of bad loans the old-fashioned way, the weakest banks had long
- since failed, and the strong banks were barely making a go of
- it.
- </p>
- <p> The reflexive psychology of bankers was that of--well,
- bankers were starting at the sight of their own shadows. So
- deposit insurance could be done painlessly for decades because
- bankers were too terrified to do anything resembling making a
- bad loan. It was not until a generational shift occurred in the
- '70s that bankers prepared to entertain really rank loans. The
- government had this free ride for a long time. There were
- hardly any failures because bankers were not lending in such a
- way as to fail. And now, paradoxically, when the talk is of
- cutting back on deposit insurance, the banking system is a
- mirror image of the system in '33.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Is it a passing of generations in the financial world
- that leads it to periodic busts?
- </p>
- <p> A. The generation that was caught up in the great debt
- liquidation of the '30s never got over it. If you had started
- work in the '50s on Wall Street, you would have heard a lot of
- talk about the Crash. Even 20 years later, it would have
- defied, never mind financial common sense, it would have defied
- known laws of physics to the bankers in the late '70s had
- anyone presented to them the proposition that an airline should
- be leveraged. "What? You are talking about a labor-intensive,
- highly unionized, highly cyclical commodity-driven business
- being leveraged?" Yet by the time the cycle matured, people
- were not only proposing but actually undertaking to leverage
- airlines.
- </p>
- <p> That is the way great ideas end, not with a bang, not with
- a whimper, but through reductio ad absurdum. You know
- investment bankers are not satisfied until every good idea is
- driven into the ground like a tomato stake.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Where does this preoccupation with debt lead?
- </p>
- <p> A. I certainly think there is a severe business slump in our
- future, and I think what is so different this time is the
- recklessness of financial practices. That recklessness, if this
- does not sound too Calvinistic, will come to bear in the
- downturn, making it deeper than it otherwise would be. And the
- medium of that will be a shrinkage in the availability of
- credit. Just as the advent of ever longer maturities in car
- loans, for example, helped prolong and deepen the expansion,
- so will shrinkage in the terms of credit--whether they be in
- car loans or mortgages or corporate lending--deepen the
- recession. I am not at all sure this is going to be a Grapes
- of Wrath. At least, I hope not. But I think by the time it is
- all over, people will be refusing to make good loans, just as
- they had been overzealous in making bad ones.
- </p>
- <p> Q. So what should we do? Buy gold bars and bury them in the
- backyard?
- </p>
- <p> A. Well, we had a co-op in Brooklyn Heights, which we sold
- last summer. We are now renting because I think that it is a
- good time to rent. I think short-dated Treasuries are a nice
- way to ride things out. You are being paid what is historically
- a good rate of interest, and you are going to get your money
- back. I think you ought to be very aware of the credit
- condition of your insurance company. There are outfits that
- rate the claims-paying ability of insurance companies, and
- people ought to ask their financial planners or someone whom
- they trust to make sure that their insurance company's
- claims-paying ability is the top.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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